Hip pain is becoming more common with each passing week. Similar to other injuries we see, people are more active and stay active longer. It has only been 5-10 years since we have started to identify a common cause of hip pain — Tears of the labrum in the hip. In addition, we have identified anatomical reasons why you might have developed a labrum tear in your hip. Unless though issues are dealt with, an isolated labral repair may not work.
This is a guest blog post by Derek Ochiai, MD. He is a Sports Medicine trained Orthopedic Surgeon with a particular interest focus on the hip.
Nowadays, it is rather commonplace to read about an athlete undergoing hip arthroscopy for a labral tear of the hip.
This hip pain post will review:
- what is a hip labrum?
- why is the hip labrum important,
- how the hip labrum tears
- what kind of treatment is available for hip pain due to labrum tears
What is a labrum?
The labrum is a rim of cartilage that surrounds the hip joint. It attaches to the socket of the acetabulum. If you have friends who had a knee arthroscopy for “torn cartilage”, they had a meniscal tear of the knee. The meniscus of the knee and the hip labrum are made up of the exact same type of cartilage.
Figure 1: Arthroscopic picture of a normal posterior labrum. The labrum attaches smoothly to the acetabular articular cartilage. The femoral head is on the bottom right of the picture.
Why is the hip labrum important?
The labrum increases the relative depth of the socket, which can confer additional stability to the hip. This can be especially important in ballet dancers, figure skaters, gymnasts, and other athletes who put their hips through extreme ranges of motion. In developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the socket is much shallower than normal, and the labrum deepens the socket to keep the femoral head of the hip in that shallow socket. Also, there are medical conditions where a person has increased joint laxity (such as Ehlers-Danlos), where the hip is more unstable and relies on the labrum for stability.
The labrum acts a seal around the femoral head, to maintain fluid pressure of the hip joint.
What are the symptoms of a labral tear in the hip?
The severity of symptoms can vary. The “hip pain” 90% of the time is perceived as deep in the groin. Sometimes, the pain can radiate to the side or the back of the hip as well. Many times, patients with a labral tear have pain and/or a feeling of catching in their hip, especially when going from sitting to standing. They may notice that they have to compensate to get in and out of cars. They may have pain with squatting and exercise, especially with sports that involve cutting and changing direction. Many times, patients also complain of pain with sex.
I didn’t injure my hip. Why do I have a labral tear?
The vast majority of labral tears are from FemoroAcetabular Impingement (FAI). FAI is a condition that develops in a person’s early teen years, where the hip is “out of round”. Since the hip joint and labrum are meant to function with round on round mechanics, this out of round conflict puts increased stress on the labrum. Over time, this increased stress can cause the labrum to tear. Symptoms of FAI greatly overlap with labral tears. In addition, symptomatic FAI can cause pain with prolonged sitting.
How is a labral tear of the hip diagnosed?
A medical professional can suspect a labral tear based on a patient’s symptoms and history. Clinically, the doctor can do provocative tests, such as the anterior and posterior impingement test, the McCarthy test, and the FABER exam, to further investigate. Many times, X-rays are very useful. FAI is a radiographic diagnosis, and usually can be easily seen on plain X-rays. With severe FAI, a labral tear can be inferred.
Figure 2: On left side of screen, normal acetabulum. The anterior wall (red line) and posterior wall (blue line) do not cross. On right, there is pincer type FAI, where the red and blue lines cross.
Figure 3: Typical cam type FAI X-ray finding. The yellow outline shows what the contour of a normal hip would look like.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) directly shows the cartilage of the hip. While a labral tear can be diagnosed with a plain MRI, an MRI arthrogram is more sensitive to labral tears. An MRI arthrogram does involve an injection directly into the joint, but then the dye can easily be seen leaking into a labral tear, making the diagnosis clearer.
Figure 4: MRI arthrogram of a left hip labral tear. Arrow points to the dye leaking between the labrum and the articular cartilage.
I’ve been diagnosed with a labral tear. What do I do?
The mainstay of initial treatment for hip labral tears is physical therapy and activity modification. Physical therapy can help improve core/gluteal strength, which can shift the femoral head back in the socket a bit. This can decrease stress on the labral tear, which is normally near the front of the socket. While this doesn’t “cure” a labral tear, it can make some patients feel significantly better. Often times anti-inflammatories help our patients minimize their pain Sometimes, your doctor may suggest an intra-articular cortisone injection to the affected hip. While this also does not “cure” a labral tear, it can sometimes act as a physical therapy aid, allowing patients to “get over the hump” with initial therapy and start building core/gluteal strength.
When Should I Consider Having a Hip Arthroscopy?
Labral tears and hip FAI can now be addressed by hip arthroscopy, using cameras and small instruments inside the hip. “Scoping the hip” means looking inside the joint; there are multiple possible procedures that could potentially be performed during hip arthroscopy. In the past, the most common procedure was labral debridement, or trimming out the torn labrum.
While this has the advantage of not relying on the body to heal a labral repair, several studies have shown that labral repair has better long term outcomes than debridement. At least in my practice, labral repair is much more common. The labrum is repaired by drilling anchors into the bone of the socket, and using its sutures (thread) to wrap around and through the labrum to tie the labrum back into place. When doing a labral repair, any FAI should be addressed at the same time. Otherwise, there is a good chance of the repair failing (because the forces that tore the labrum would be the same forces causing it not to heal). Sometimes, a surgeon may tell a patient that the best procedure is an open surgical dislocation (through a large incision). There are some special cases where this approach may be preferable, but it is not common.
Figure 5: Large anterior labral tear. Note the separation between the labrum and the acetabulum. Compare this to Figure 1.
Figure 6: Picture of a labral repair. In the picture, there are three sutures that are anchored to the bone, sewing the labrum back to the acetabulum.
A newer procedure to address labral tears is labral reconstruction. This uses a tendon graft to take the place of the torn labrum. Typically, this is only used for hip labral tears that are so degenerative, that repairing the labrum will not work to restore normal labral function.
Hip arthroscopy is a passion of mine. I hope this has been helpful to you. If you have been diagnosed with a labral tear, please ask your surgeon specific questions. Over the years, I have seen many second opinions from patients who had less than successful outcomes from hip arthroscopy that thought they had a labral repair, but the surgeon actually did a labral debridement. To me, “fixing a tear” means sewing it back and anchoring the labrum; however, “fixing a tear” to some could also mean “fixing the problem caused by the tear”, which could mean debridement.
Derek Ochiai, MD
Christy
I am 2 week post op right hip labral tear repair. I am currently experiencing pain around distal femur and knee. I noticed I have residual fluid, slight swelling, and numbness around that area. My surgeon explained to me it’s probably from them hitting a nerve during the procedure. They did not do a nerve block on me. I’ve been icing it down 2 to 3 times a day. I’m feeling pressure and burning pain around that area also. Is this normal?
Howard J. Luks, MD
I can’t really comment on your condition… In general, a nerve stretch injury is possible from the surgery. You need to talk with your surgeon again if you are concerned. Many of these nerve stretch injuries heal — but another exam might be in order.
Steve
I am a 68 year male who was actively walking about an hour a day until January of this year. I started having a severe burning in my left thigh that was so bag I could not walk.The pain goes away when I sit down.I self diagnosed with meralgia paresthetica that sounded like it was extremely reasonable..
I went to the VA and they first did an xray that showed nothing wrong followed by a MRI that showed a tear in my labrum of my left hip,
I am seeing the ortho doctor in three weeks BUT I currently still experience the burning thigh with no pain in my hip.
Does a tear in the labrum effect the thigh like I describe?
Thanks
.
Howard J. Luks, MD
typically not… keep in mind –our parts wear out as we age. An MRI of a 68 year old hip is never going to say “normal”. Just because something is “torn” or worn out doesn’t mean that it needs attention. I hope your doctor can shed some further light on this for you.
Mike Fenwick
I have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis in my based on an xray of my hip, Is it possible that I have a labral tear rather than arthritis as my symptoms seem to match those of a labral tear. Is xray imaging definitive for osteoarthritis or is it possible that I have a labral tear and it was over looked
Howard J. Luks, MD
unlikely… Many arthritic hips will have degenerative labral tears too. But the research shows that treating just the labral tear is often met with failure. The arthritis will dramatically diminish your chance at improving after labral surgery.
Derek Ochiai
Definitely agree with Dr. Luks. In patients with hip arthritis, it is unusual NOT to have associated labral tears. There needs to be about 30% arthritis damage of a hip joint before the X-ray will show any changes, so if arthritis is seen on X-ray, it is definitely present.
David
My Dad is 73. He has had an L4-5 fusion 2 years ago, has moderate lumbar scoliosis and has developed severe hip pain as well. An MRI revealed a “possible small anterior superior labrum tear as well as a small posterior labrum tear” He gets some relief by sitting with his right knee over the left leg. He says it takes some pressure off. The pain is lateral near the greater trochanter and is even sore to the touch. Everyone keeps saying it’s his back. Has no groin pain. Could small labrum tears with no groin pain be causing terrible pain?
Howard J. Luks, MD
I imagine his hip xrays showed evidence of osteoarthritis too. At 73 it is unlikely that a labral tear would be the #1 pain generator. If there is osteoarthritis on the Xray talk to your doctor about having the radiologist perform an injection of the hip. If they agree that has the advantage of confirming the hip as the source of pain… and potentially diminishing the pain for a few months.
Cath Roff
I am a fit and active 55 year old just diagnosed with a superior Labral tear but no FAI or arthritis. It feels like my hip joint drops out of the socket then grinds on the edge of the bone. It does this intermittently but is extremely painful and I have been using crutches for four weeks to manage the pain by keeping the weight off my joint. I am going to see a hip specialist this week. I am just wondering if physical therapy would be of any use to avoid surgery or if the mechanics of my tear would make surgery a better option?
Howard J. Luks, MD
Certainly no harm in trying PT for a few weeks to see if your symptoms improve.
Derek Ochiai
First of all, labral tears without some bony abnormality (dysplasia or FAI) is very uncommon. Also, hyperlaxity conditions can also play a role. If physical therapy is not helping, then repairing the labrum (or reconstructing the labrum) could help.